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The first clock powered by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature was invented by Cornelis Drebbel in the early 17th century. Drebbel built as many as 18 of these, the two most notable being for King James VI & I of Britain, and Rudolf II of Bohemia. The King James clock was known as the Eltham Perpetuum, and was famous throughout Europe.
The earliest depiction of a clock powered by a hanging weight is from the Bible of St Louis, an illuminated manuscript made between 1226 and 1234 that shows a clock being slowed by water acting on a wheel. The illustration seems to show that weight-driven clocks were invented in western Europe. [79]
The longcase clock (also known as the grandfather clock) was created to house the pendulum and works by the English clockmaker William Clement in 1670 or 1671. It was also at this time that clock cases began to be made of wood and clock faces to use enamel as well as hand-painted ceramics. In 1670, William Clement created the anchor escapement ...
Samuel Watson (fl. c.1635-c.1710), [1] was a horologist (clock and watch maker) who invented the 5 minute repeater, [2] and made the first stopwatch. [1] He made a clock for King Charles II [ 3 ] and was an associate of Isaac Newton .
A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is an approximate harmonic oscillator: It swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on its length, and resists swinging at other rates.
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The torsion pendulum was invented by Robert Leslie in 1793. [3] The torsion pendulum clock was first invented and patented by American Aaron Crane in 1841. [4] He made clocks that would run up to one year on a winding. He also made precision astronomical regulator clocks based on the torsion pendulum, but only four were sold.
Therefore, another type of temperature-compensated pendulum, the mercury pendulum invented in 1721 by George Graham, was used in the highest-precision clocks. [8]: p.289 [4] By 1900, the highest-precision astronomical regulator clocks used pendulum rods of low thermal expansion materials such as invar [3] [2] and fused quartz. [4]