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Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction).
The term tractive effort is often qualified as starting tractive effort, continuous tractive effort and maximum tractive effort.These terms apply to different operating conditions, but are related by common mechanical factors: input torque to the driving wheels, the wheel diameter, coefficient of friction (μ) between the driving wheels and supporting surface, and the weight applied to the ...
It is also called specific tractive force or specific resistance (see von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram), or the energy index. [citation needed] When the energy comes from metabolic processes (i.e., for animals), it is often called the metabolic cost of transport.
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In GvK diagram, the x-axis is the vehicle velocity, and the y-axis is the dimensionless specific resistance.The same kind of vehicle may have multiple different operating velocities, with different corresponding specific resistances, consequently each kind of vehicle generally correspond to a whole region on the GvK diagram, but only the lower-edge of the region is plotted, since specific ...
Lateral forces can be caused by the centripetal acceleration of the vehicle following the curving of the tracks, by lateral tilt of the rails, or by aerodynamic forces if crosswind is present. [7] These forces affect the resistance by pushing the vehicle laterally against the rail causing sliding friction between the wheels and the rails. [8]
Forces: Traction (mechanics), adhesive friction or force; Traction vector, in mechanics, the force per unit area on a surface, including normal and shear components; Traction motor, an electric motor used for propulsion of a vehicle, for example a car or a locomotive; Railway electric traction, the use of electric motors to propel rail cars
is the normal force, the force perpendicular to the surface on which the wheel is rolling. is the force needed to push (or tow) a wheeled vehicle forward (at constant speed on a level surface, or zero grade, with zero air resistance) per unit force of weight. It is assumed that all wheels are the same and bear identical weight.