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Thirst (1886), by William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Thirst is the craving for potable fluids, resulting in the basic instinct of animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. [1] It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as sodium.
Homeostatic feeling is a class of feelings (e.g. thirst, fatigue, pain, desire, malaise, well-being) that inform us about our physiological condition. [1] In his earlier work Antonio Damasio used " primordial feeling " but he now prefers the term "homeostatic feeling" for the class.
They include thirst, hunger for air, hunger for food, pain and hunger for specific minerals etc. There are two constituents of a primordial emotion – the specific sensation which when severe may be imperious, and the compelling intention for gratification by a consummatory act".
The feeling is recorded by sensory receptors on the skin and travels to the central nervous system, where it is integrated and a decision on how to respond is made; if it is decided that a response must be made, a signal is sent back down to a muscle, which behaves appropriately according to the stimulus. [3]
The amount of strain in reaction to stress depends on the resilience. Excessive strain would appear as illness. [20] [21] Walter Cannon used it in 1926 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis. [22] But "...stress as an explanation of lived experience is absent from both lay and expert life narratives before the ...
First proposed by Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer in 1988, the concept of allostasis shifts the focus away from the body maintaining a rigid internal set-point, as in homeostasis, to the brain's ability and role to interpret environmental stress and coordinate changes in the body using neurotransmitters, hormones, and other signaling mechanisms.
For example, a force exerted upwards, like lifting an object, creates positive work done on that object. [2] Exertion often results in force generated, a contributing dynamic of general motion. [1] In mechanics it describes the use of force against a body in the direction of its motion (see vector). [citation needed]
Epicurus in the ancient world, and later Jeremy Bentham, laid stress upon the role of pleasure in directing human life, the latter stating: "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure". [4] Freud's most immediate predecessor and guide however was Gustav Theodor Fechner and his psychophysics. [5]