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Optofluidic waveguides are based on principles of traditional optical waveguides and microfluidic techniques used to maintain gradients or boundaries between flowing fluids. Yang et al. used microfluidic techniques based on laminar flow to generate fluid-based gradient-indices of refraction . [ 6 ]
Examples of optofluidic devices are tunable microlens arrays [95] [96] and optofluidic microscopes. Microfluidic flow enables fast sample throughput, automated imaging of large sample populations, as well as 3D capabilities, [ 97 ] [ 98 ] or superresolution.
Optofluidic waveguides, single molecule optical analysis. United States: Caltech: Yang Biophotonics Group [30] Optofluidic Microscopy, Imaging, OCT. United States: UC San Diego: Ultrafast and Nanoscale Optics Group (Fainman) [31] Nanoscale lasers, optofluidic switches, silicon devices. United States: University of Michigan: Sherman Fan Lab [32]
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide.
The near-field optical (NFO) microscope involved a sub-wavelength aperture at the apex of a metal coated sharply pointed transparent tip, and a feedback mechanism to maintain a constant distance of a few nanometers between the sample and the probe. Lewis et al. were also aware of the potential of an NFO microscope at this time. [14]
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Diagram of a simple microscope. There are two basic types of optical microscopes: simple microscopes and compound microscopes. A simple microscope uses the optical power of a single lens or group of lenses for magnification. A compound microscope uses a system of lenses (one set enlarging the image produced by another) to achieve a much higher ...
A common setup in fluorescent droplet detection is with the use of an epifluorescence microscope. [280] This sometimes utilizes a confocal geometry, which can vary depending on experimental needs. For example, Jeffries et al. reported success with exploring an orthogonal confocal geometry, as opposed to a standard epi geometry. [ 280 ]