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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
In Japan this kind of information is used when an earthquake occurs to anticipate the severity of damage to be expected in different areas. [2] The intensity of local ground-shaking depends on several factors besides the magnitude of the earthquake, [3] one of the most important being soil conditions. For instance, thick layers of soft soil ...
Damage is considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures are thrown off-kilter. Damage is great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings are shifted off foundations. Liquefaction occurs. Underground pipes are broken. 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, and 2023 Al Haouz earthquake ...
About 55 earthquakes a day – 20,000 a year – are recorded by the National Earthquake Information Center. ... 6.1 to 6.9: Serious damage. 7.0 to 7.9: Major earthquake. Serious damage. 8.0 or ...
For shallow earthquakes – less than roughly 60 km deep – the surface waves are stronger, and may last several minutes; these carry most of the energy of the quake, and cause the most severe damage. An earthquake radiates energy in the form of different kinds of seismic waves, whose characteristics reflect the nature of both the rupture and ...
Variations of occupancy rate as a function of the time of day and the season. The worst time for an earthquake to strike is the night because most of the population is indoors. The time when the consequences are less serious are the morning and evening hours, when farmers are out of doors and office and factory workers are commuting.
Only earthquakes that have caused damage over US$1 billion, adjusted for inflation, are listed here. Wherever possible, indirect and socioeconomic losses are excluded. Damage estimates for particular earthquakes may vary over time as more data becomes available. Losses from earthquake–induced landslides and tsunamis are also be included.
That is, many low-magnitude earthquakes are not catalogued because fewer stations detect and record them due to decreasing instrumental signal to noise levels. Some modern models of earthquake dynamics, however, predict a physical roll-off in the earthquake size distribution. [13] The a-value represents the total seismicity rate of the region ...