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Imaging is crucial to the spondyloarthritis diagnosis process. The most distinctive radiographic observation is the sacroiliac (SI) joints ' erosion, ankylosis , and sclerosis . [ 27 ] There must be clear evidence of sacroiliitis (at least grade 2 bilaterally or grade 3 unilaterally) on the radiographs in order to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis .
There are many grading systems for degeneration of intervertebral discs and facet joints in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, of which the following radiographic systems can be recommended in terms of interobserver reliability: [1] Kellgren grading of cervical disc degeneration; Kellgren grading of cervical facet joint degeneration
When the spinal canal diameter divided by vertebral body diameter is less than 0.82, or the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal is less than 1.3cm or the distance between the pedicles is less than 2.3cm during imaging, cervical spine stenosis is diagnosed symptoms correlate well with the spinal canal narrowings. [8]
Lumbar provocative discography (also referred to as "discography" or discogram) is an invasive diagnostic procedure for evaluation for intervertebral disc pathology. It is usually reserved for persons with persistent, severe low back pain (LBP) who have abnormal spaces between vertebrae on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where other diagnostic tests have failed to reveal clear confirmation ...
Scottie dog sign is a radiological sign which refers to the appearance of lumbar spine in oblique view X-ray. [1] In the X-ray, the spine can be visualised as the lateral view of a Scottie dog, [2] with the pedicle as the eye, the transverse process as the nose, the superior articular facet as the ear and the inferior articular facet as the front leg, spinous process as the body.
For those children with spinal cord diseases, lumbar puncture may damage the spinal cord due to possibility of tethered spinal cord syndrome where the spinal cord is located below than the usual spinal termination level. [3] Therefore, lumbar puncture should be done at the lowest position as possible for such cases. However, spinal cord injury ...
Spondylosis deformans is a disease of the spine in humans and other vertebrates. It occurs when intervertebral discs begin to degenerate, leading to the formation of bony spurs or bridges around the disc and nearby spinal joints. Severe cases can result in pressure on the spinal nerves, causing neurological signs and symptoms. [1]
The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), formed in 1973, [2] publishes the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), [3] which is a neurological exam widely used to document sensory and motor impairments following spinal cord injury (SCI). [4] The ASIA assessment is the gold standard for ...