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Hepatitis B infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. [4] [12] As of 2022, the hepatitis B vaccine is between 98% and 100% effective in preventing infection. [1] The vaccine is administered in several doses; after an initial dose, two or three more vaccine doses are required at a later time for full effect. [1]
HBsAg made through recombinant DNA is used to make the hepatitis B vaccine. It has a very good efficacy of about 95%, [6] with protection lasting for more than 30 years, even after the anti-HbsAg antigen titers have fallen. [7] The RTS,S also makes use of HBsAg. It is a mixture of a version of malaria surface antigen grafted to HBsAg (RTS) and ...
Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon. [13] Pain may occur at the site of injection. [13] It is safe for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. [13] It has not been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome. [13] Hepatitis B vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques and contain immunologic adjuvant. [13]
Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [17] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [ 31 ]
The typical seroconversion timecourse for hepatitis B. Seroconversion plays a major role in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infections. [60] As in other viral infections, seropositivity indicates that an individual has a sufficiently high concentration of antibody or antigen in the blood to be detectable by standard techniques.
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. [15] It consists of small (S), medium (M) and large (L) protein. [16] HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is the main structural protein of HBV icosahedral nucleocapsid and it has function in replication of the virus. [17]
The first edition contained 62 test categories and the second was updated to include 122 test categories. [2] The categories of tests include: general laboratory tests and disease-specific tests such as for hepatitis B and C, HIV, HPV, malaria, syphilis and tuberculosis.
HBIG is indicated as a postexposure prophylaxis for people at risk to develop hepatitis B because they have been recently exposed to body fluids of individuals who have hepatitis B. This includes babies of mothers with hepatitis B, sexual partners, healthcare workers, police and fire workers, and morticians. [ 6 ]
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