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Copper is the preferred conductor material for underground transmission lines operating at high and extra-high voltages to 400 kV. The predominance of copper underground systems stems from its higher volumetric electrical and thermal conductivities compared to other conductors.
High voltage is defined as any voltage over 1000 volts. [3] Those of 2 to 33 kV are usually called medium voltage cables, those over 50 kV high voltage cables.. Modern HV cables have a simple design consisting of a few parts: the conductor, the conductor shield, the insulation, the insulation shield, the metallic shield, and the jacket.
Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1–10 meters to install (up to 30 m for 400 kV cables during construction), whereas an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about 20–200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance, and repair.
400 kV 51.36594°N 0.12324°W ; 51.34789°N 0.00954°W London, Hertfordshire, Elstree to St. John's Wood Deep Cable Tunnel: 20 2005 400 kV 51.52666°N 0.16488°W ; 51.65512°N 0.32714°W London, West Ham – Hackney (Lower Lea Valley Cable Tunnel) 6.3 2008 400 kV 51.518684°N 0.002197°E ; 51.56108°N 0.05404°W
The conductor material is nearly always an aluminium alloy, formed of several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper was sometimes used for overhead transmission, but aluminum is lighter, reduces yields only marginally and costs much less. Overhead conductors are supplied by several companies.
The conductor is made from copper or aluminum wires, the latter material having a small but increasing market share. Conductor sizes ≤ 1200 mm 2 are most common, but sizes ≥ 2400 mm 2 have been made occasionally. For voltages ≥ 12 kV the conductors are round so that the insulation is exposed to a uniform electric field gradient. The ...
A high-voltage cable designed for 400 kV. The large conductor in the center carries the current, smaller conductors on the outside act as a shield to equalize the voltage stress in the thick polyethylene insulation layer. Liquid filled cables are known for extremely long service lives with little to no outages.
The Kontek HVDC is a 170-kilometre (110 mi) long, monopolar 400 kV high-voltage direct current cable between Germany and the Danish island Zealand.Its name comes from "continent" and the name of the former Danish power transmission company "Elkraft", which operated the power grid on the Danish islands Lolland, Falster and Zealand and had the abbreviation "ek".
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