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Historians carry out original research, often using primary sources. Historians often have a PhD or advanced academic training in historiography, but may have an advanced degree in a related social science field or a domain specific field; other scholars and reliable sources will typically use the descriptive label historian to refer to an historian.
A band score (from 1–9) for each section of the test (Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking) The test taker's estimated CEFR level in the English language; Whether IELTS Academic or General Training was completed; Test date and the date that the certificate was signed
A Guide to information sources (or a bibliographic guide, a literature guide, a guide to reference materials, a subject gateway, etc.) is a kind of metabibliography. Ideally it is not just a listing of bibliographies , reference works and other source texts , but more like a textbook introducing users to the information sources in a given field ...
There are three preferred ways of citing sources: Footnotes; Footnotes with list-defined references; Shortened footnotes; Citations can also be placed as external links, but these are not preferred because they are prone to link rot and usually lack the full
Your edits can affect real people in the real world. You should have reliable sources for anything potentially controversial or likely to be challenged. This is especially true when writing about living people. Wikipedia is an online free-content encyclopedia project helping to create a world in which everyone can freely share in the sum of all ...
A reference work is a work, such as a paper, book or periodical (or their electronic equivalents), to which one can refer for information. [1] The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Such works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these ...
Information retrieval is the science [1] of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload. An IR system is a ...
Source criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating an information source, i.e.: a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation, or anything used in order to obtain knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a given information source may be more or less valid, reliable or relevant.