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Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock for a company during a defined period of time. It is a key measure of corporate profitability, focusing on the interests of the company's owners ( shareholders ), [ 1 ] and is commonly used to price stocks.
Earnings per share (EPS) measures the amount of total profit earned per outstanding share of common stock in a specific period, usually either a quarter or a year.
There are multiple versions of the P/E ratio, depending on whether earnings are projected or realized, and the type of earnings. "Trailing P/E" uses the weighted average share price of common shares in issue divided by the net income for the most recent 12-month period. This is the most common meaning of "P/E" if no other qualifier is specified.
Stock B is trading at a forward P/E of 30 and expected to grow at 25%. The PEG ratio for Stock A is 75% (15/20) and for Stock B is 120% (30/25). According to the PEG ratio, Stock A is a better purchase because it has a lower PEG ratio, or in other words, its future earnings growth can be purchased for a lower relative price than that of Stock B.
The CROCI/WACC ratio is basically the same metric signaling value creation or destruction. If the ratio is higher than 1, a company creates value, and it destroys value if the ratio is below 1. CROCI can be compared to a company's economic price to book (broadly equivalent to a company's Tobin's Q) to calculate an Economic P/E.
The Benjamin Graham formula is a formula for the valuation of growth stocks. It was proposed by investor and professor of Columbia University , Benjamin Graham - often referred to as the "father of value investing".
PVGO = share price − earnings per share ÷ cost of capital. This formula arises by thinking of the value of a company as inhering two components: (i) the present value of existing earnings, i.e. the company continuing as if under a "no-growth policy"; and (ii) the present value of the company's growth opportunities.
The part of earnings not paid to investors is left for investment to provide for future earnings growth. Investors seeking high current income and limited capital growth prefer companies with a high dividend payout ratio. However, investors seeking capital growth may prefer a lower payout ratio because capital gains are taxed at a lower rate.