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Neurons communicate with other cells via synapses, which are specialized connections that commonly use minute amounts of chemical neurotransmitters to pass the electric signal from the presynaptic neuron to the target cell through the synaptic gap. Neurons are the main components of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoans.
Neurons may be termed by their associated neurotransmitter such as excitatory dopaminergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic neurons. [ 5 ] Cortical interneurons only make up around a fifth of the neuronal population but they play a major role in modulating cortical activity needed for cognition and many aspects of learning and memory.
While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural networks: In neuroscience , a biological neural network is a physical structure found in brains and complex nervous systems —a population of nerve cells connected by synapses .
Anatomy of a multipolar neuron. A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated. [1] Multiple neural circuits interconnect with one another to form large scale brain networks.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. [130] Neurons link at synapses to form neural pathways , neural circuits , and large elaborate network systems such as the salience network and the default mode network , and the activity between them is driven by the process of ...
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.The nervous system regulates and controls body functions and activity. It consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves.
A biological neural network is composed of a group of chemically connected or functionally associated neurons. [2] A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network may be extensive.
Gray matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and in cortical layers that line their surfaces. There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus, whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion. [20]