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Bullet parts: 1 metal jacket, 2 lead core, 3 steel penetrator. Terminal ballistics is a sub-field of ballistics concerned with the behavior and effects of a projectile when it hits and transfers its energy to a target. Bullet design (as well as the velocity of impact) largely determines the effectiveness of penetration. [1]
The predicted impact point (PIP) is the location that a ballistic projectile (e.g. bomb, missile, bullet) is expected to strike if fired. The PIP is almost always actively determined by a targeting computer, which then projects a PIP marker (a "pipper") onto a head-up display (HUD).
Mean point of impact (MPI) is the calculated center of the grouping, which is the average center of all the shots, and is not necessarily located at a hole in the target. [2] The process of mechanically readjusting the gunsight 's point of aim to match the MPI is called sighting in or "zeroing" the gun.
That is, if CEP is n metres, 50% of shots land within n metres of the mean impact, 43.7% between n and 2n, and 6.1% between 2n and 3n metres, and the proportion of shots that land farther than three times the CEP from the mean is only 0.2%. CEP is not a good measure of accuracy when this distribution behavior is not met.
The test results were obtained from many shots, not just a single shot. The bullet was assigned 1.062 lb/in 2 (746.7 kg/m 2) for its BC number by the bullet's manufacturer, Lost River Ballistic Technologies, before it went out of business. Measurements on other bullets can give totally different results.
One can calculate using standard Newtonian dynamics as follows (for more details on this topic, see Trajectory). Two equations can be set up that describe the bullet's flight in a vacuum, (presented for computational simplicity compared to solving equations describing trajectories in an atmosphere).
This schlieren image of a bullet travelling in free-flight demonstrates the air-pressure dynamics surrounding the bullet. External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying ...
A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern chronographs , which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity.