Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Pope Clement I did so in Corinth in the end of the first century. [8] In the third century, Pope Cornelius convened and presided over a synod of 60 African and Eastern bishops, [9] and his rival, the antipope Novatian, claimed to have "assumed the primacy". [10] In the complex development of papal supremacy, two broad phases may be noted.
Avignon was seized by revolutionaries during the French Revolution in 1791, ending 450 years of papal sovereignty there. Between 1798 and 1814, the revolutionary French government invaded Italy several times and annexed the Papal States (though the papacy was restored between 1800 and 1809).
None of this, however, had much in particular to do with the pope, who did not even attend the council; in fact, the first bishop of Rome to be contemporaneously referred to as Pope is Damasus I (366–84). [11] Moreover, between 324 and 330, Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium, a former Greek city on the ...
This was derived from the Petrine texts, and from the gospel accounts of Matthew (16:17‑19), Luke (22:32) and John (21:15‑17) according to the Roman tradition, they all refer not simply to the historical Peter, but to his successors to the end of time.
Papal victory was short-lived, and this attempted separation of the secular from the ecclesiastical did not end aspirations on the part of the emperors to influence the papacy, nor the aspirations of the popes to exercise political power. During the reign of Pope Gregory VII, the title “pope” was officially restricted to the bishop of Rome ...
In 1075, Gregory VII proclaimed the dictatus papae, asserting papal supremacy and removing bishops from imperial appointment. [2] This initiated a period of conflict known as the Investiture Dispute, highlighted by Henry IV's excommunication and his subsequent penance at Canossa. At the end of this conflict, the Pope succeeded in freeing ...
This marked the definitive end of the Papal States. [ 45 ] Despite the fact that the traditionally Catholic powers did not come to the Pope's aid, the papacy rejected the 1871 " Law of Guarantees " and any substantial accommodation with the Italian Kingdom, especially any proposal which required the Pope to become an Italian subject.
The history and canonical question here is complicated; generally, the official Vatican list of popes seems to recognize such "depositions" as valid renunciations if the pope acquiesced, but not if he did not. The later development of canon law has been in favor of papal supremacy, leaving no recourse to the removal of a pope involuntarily. [1]