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Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. The smaller of these, the microspore , is male and the larger megaspore is female. Heterospory evolved during the Devonian period from isospory independently in several plant groups: the clubmosses , the ferns including the arborescent ...
There is an important debate on the usefulness of Mill's method for sociological research, which relates to the fact that historical research is often based on only few cases and that many sociological theories are probabilistic, not deterministic. [9] Today, historical sociology is measured by a conjunction of questions that are rich in detail ...
Heterospory evolve independently and convergently several times in different plant groups. The herbaceous Lycopodiales of today are homosporous, but their extinct arborescent relatives such as Lepidodendron were heterosporous. Bateman and DiMichele in the title of an influential paper described it as "the most iterative key innovation in the ...
The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. It is mostly concerned with the public schooling systems of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of higher , further , adult , and continuing education.
John Furlong is a British educationist, author, and academic. He is an Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Oxford, an Emeritus Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford, and an adviser to the Welsh government on Initial Teacher Education (ITE). [1]
The most important factor in his theory is technology. [68] Social systems are determined by technological systems, wrote White in his book, [69] echoing the earlier theory of Lewis Henry Morgan. He proposes a society's energy consumption as a measure of its advancement. [68] He differentiates between five stages of human development. [68]
Comparative historical research is a method of social science that examines historical events in order to create explanations that are valid beyond a particular time and place, either by direct comparison to other historical events, theory building, or reference to the present day.
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history generally repeat themselves in cycles.