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Party identification is typically determined by the political party that an individual most commonly supports (by voting or other means). Some researchers view party identification as "a form of social identity ", [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in the same way that a person identifies with a religious or ethnic group.
The Michigan model is a theory of voter choice, based primarily on sociological and party identification factors. Originally proposed by political scientists , beginning with an investigation of the 1952 Presidential election, [ 1 ] at the University of Michigan 's Survey Research Centre.
Consideration and initiating structure are two dimensions of leader behavior identified in 1945 as a result of the Ohio State Leadership Studies. Reviews of research on these dimensions are described in Stogdill's Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research and Littrell's Explicit leader behaviour .
In communist and socialist theory, collective leadership is a shared distribution of power within an organizational structure, sometimes publicly described or designed as primus inter pares (first among equals).
Political identity is a form of social identity marking membership of certain groups that share a common struggle for a certain form of power. This can include identification with a political party, [1] but also positions on specific political issues, nationalism, [2] inter-ethnic relations or more abstract ideological themes.
Leadership analysis is the art of breaking down a leader into basic psychological components for study and use by academics and practitioners. Good leadership analysis is not reductionist, but rather takes into consideration the overall person in the context of the times, society and culture from which they come.
Cheney and Tompkins [1] state that identification is "the appropriation of identity, either by . the individual or collective in question; by others. Identification includes "the development and maintenance of an individual's or group's 'sameness' or 'substance' against a backdrop of change and 'outside' elements."
Organizational identity is a field of study in organizational theory, that seeks the answer to the question: "who are we as an organization?" [1] [2] The concept was first defined by Albert and Whetten (1985) and later updated and clarified by Whetten (2006),