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Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Russian: Сапармурат Атаевич Ниязов; Turkmen: Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow; [a] 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006), known as Türkmenbaşy, [b] was a Turkmen politician who led Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006.
The Ruhnama, or Rukhnama, translated into English as Book of the Soul, is a two volume work written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the president of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006. It was intended to serve as a tool of state propaganda , emphasising the basis of the Turkmen nation .
The new version was to take effect on December 21, the second anniversary of Niyazov's death. [ 32 ] In February 2017, president Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov was re-elected for a third term in office, after receiving 97.69 percent of all votes according to official results, following a tightly controlled and largely ceremonial election.
The sole candidate was Saparmurat Niyazov, who had served as the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR since 21 December 1985. Other candidates were not allowed to participate in the elections. According to official data, 99.5% of voters voted in favour of Niyazov, with voter turnout at 99.8%. [2]
After the August 1991 coup in Moscow, Turkmenia's communist leader Saparmurat Niyazov called for a popular referendum on independence. [8] The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. [8]
After 69 years as part of the Soviet Union (including 67 years as a union republic), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991.. President for life Saparmurat Niyazov, a former bureaucrat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR, until his death in 2006.
Saparmurat Niyazov, a former official of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR, until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country as President after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Death of President Saparmurat Niyazov: Entertainment venues, theaters and cinemas are closed, and concerts and sports are canceled for the time of mourning. [280] Libya: 2006–7 3 Execution of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein: Public celebrations around the Eid holiday were canceled. [281] United States: 2007 1