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A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. Among the simplest examples are the methenium CH + 3, methanium CH + 5, acylium ions RCO +, and vinyl C ...
A carbocation may be stabilized by resonance by a carbon–carbon double bond or by the lone pair of a heteroatom adjacent to the ionized carbon. The allyl cation CH 2 =CH−CH + 2 and benzyl cation C 6 H 5 −CH + 2 are more stable than most other carbenium ions due to donation of electron density from π systems to the cationic center. [ 20 ]
The vinyl cation is a carbocation with the positive charge on an alkene carbon. Its empirical formula of the parent ion is C 2 H + 3.Vinyl cation are invoked as reactive intermediates in solvolysis of vinyl halides, [1] [2] as well as electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes.
Typical route for alkylation of benzene with ethylene and ZSM-5 as a heterogeneous catalyst. Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents).
Various forms of psychology concentrations are included in the sectors of health psychology, forensic psychology, clinical psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and school psychology. Health psychology is a discipline that understands the psychological, behavioral, and cultural aspects that affect the physical health and ...
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. [1] [2] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social ...
To enter the drug treatment system, such as it is, requires a leap of faith. The system operates largely unmoved by the findings of medical science. Peer-reviewed data and evidence-based practices do not govern how rehabilitation facilities work. There are very few reassuring medical degrees adorning their walls.
Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon. But although cognitive psychology is concerned with all human activity rather than some fraction of it, the concern is from a particular point of view.