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Peto's paradox is the observation that, at the species level, the incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism. [1] For example, the incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in whales, [2] despite whales having more cells than humans.
Furthermore, it is possible for genetic variability to be further increased by some cancer therapies (e.g. treatment with temozolomide and other chemotherapy drugs). [33] [34] Mutational tumor heterogeneity refers to variations in mutation frequency in different genes and samples and can be explored by MutSig Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback ...
Germ cells tumors constitute a vast majority of the incidences of testicular tumors. [3]GCTs are classified by their histology, [4] regardless of location in the body. . However, as more information about the genetics of these tumors become available, they may be classified based on specific gene mutations that characterize specific tu
The tumor types are typical for each type of tumor suppressor gene mutation, with some mutations causing particular cancers, and other mutations causing others. The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent, and a normal copy from the other.
The retinoblastoma gene was the first tumor suppressor gene to be cloned in 1986. Cairns hypothesized a different, but complementary, mechanism of tumor suppression in 1975 based on tissue architecture to protect against selection of variant somatic cells with increased fitness in proliferating epithelial populations, such as the intestine and ...
The classical theory developed in the early 70's anticipated that metastasis is due to genetically determined subpopulations in primary tumours. [2] The genetic variance between metastatic foci is significant for only particular locus and within specific cell populations or only one-cell population shows differences and some loci are divergent only in one cell subpopulation.
Transmissible cancers require a specific combination of related circumstances to occur. These conditions involve both the host species and the tumors being transferred. These typically include low genetic diversity among individuals, an effective physical and environmental transport system, and a high enough dose of infective material. [4]
One of the most significant tumor suppressors is known as p53. It plays such a critical role in regulation of cell division and cell death that in 70% of cancer cells p53 is found either mutated or functionally inactivated. Often times tumors can not form successfully without deactivating critical tumor suppressors like p53. [6]