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A minimal level of intra-tumour heterogeneity is a simple consequence of the imperfection of DNA replication: whenever a cell (normal or cancerous) divides, a few mutations are acquired [2] —leading to a diverse population of cancer cells. [3] The heterogeneity of cancer cells introduces significant challenges in designing effective treatment ...
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are a heterogeneous population of cells of myelogenous origin [49] that are considered tumor promoting. [48] They have the potential to repress T cell responses, [ 50 ] can support angiogenesis by producing proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and can promote metastasis.
The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...
The cancer stem-cell hypothesis relies on the fact that a lot of tumors are heterogeneous – the cells in the tumor vary by phenotype and functions. [87] [88] [89] Current research shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells.
Cancer samples often display varying degree of heterogeneity, because they consist of tumor cells of multiple subclones, immune cells, and other cell types. Beyond cancer, many gene expression studies are affected by tissue heterogeneity. The prevalence of tissue heterogeneity in publicly available gene-expression studies is estimated between 1 ...
Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells. It is a biochemical laboratory method for the characterization and identification of the DNA or RNA sequences of cancer cell(s).
This tumor heterogeneity gives a selective advantage to the best fit clonal and sub-clonal cells of a tumor. Due to the heterogeneity and the unchecked proliferation of tumor cells, cancer is given a selective advantage not only over non-cancerous cells, but also against selective pressures that choose against it, such as pharmaceutical and ...
For example, cancer tumors consist of heterogeneous mixtures of various healthy cells of different types such as immune cells and cells related to affected tissues in addition to tumor cells. [25]