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Ostrich eggshell beads, considered among the earliest ornaments created by Homo sapiens, [1] [2] represent some of the most ancient fully manufactured beads. [3] Archaeologists have traced their origins back to the Late Pleistocene , with evidence suggesting they were crafted as early as 75,000 years ago in Africa. [ 4 ]
Remnants of seashells that were used to make beads were also found. Oyster shell, mother of pearl, abalone, conch, and clam shells have been important trade items in the Southwest for over a thousand years. Native beadwork continued to advance in the pre-Columbian era. Beads were made from hand-ground and filed turquoise, coral, and shell.
The "seed" method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater mussels, and overharvesting for this purpose has endangered several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States. [5] The pearl industry is so important in some areas, significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs.
Double stranded Zuni fetish necklace with eagle fetish in center, 40 total fetishes made from turquoise, jet, pipestone, serpentine, mother of pearl, spiny oyster shell. The fetishes are strung on fine sinew strung with olive shell and turquoise heshi (beads), with a hand-made sterling silver clasp and cones. The carver of this object is unknown.
Grave 92 included a bead-belt. Grave 60 contained a person wearing headband made out of ostrich eggshell beads. Thirteen bead blanks were found inside a shell in Grave 38. They were made from agate and quartz flakes reduced to a cylindrical shape. After this, they were polished and perforated. [4]
Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. It includes white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell and white and purple beads made from the quahog or Western North Atlantic hard-shelled clam. In New York, wampum beads have been discovered dating before 1510. [1]
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