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A 1982 World Bank report stated, "There exists a chronic shortage of skills which pervades not only the small manufacturing sector but the entire economy and the over-loaded government machine." [ 45 ] : 32 Tanzania, for example, had only two engineers at the beginning of the import-substitution period.
[3] [4] [5] The most common trade barriers are on agricultural goods. [2] Textiles, apparel and footwear are the manufactured goods which are most commonly protected by trade barriers. [ 2 ] Tariffs have been declining in the last twenty years as the influence of the World Trade Organization has grown, but states have increased their use of non ...
The team of 86 researchers from 49 countries released a four-year assessment of the global impacts of some 3,500 harmful invasive species, finding that economic costs now total at least $423 ...
Since the trade balance (exports minus imports) is generally the biggest determinant of the current account surplus or deficit, the current account balance often displays a cyclical trend. During a strong economic expansion, import volumes typically surge; if exports are unable to grow at the same rate, the current account deficit will widen.
World map showing commodity exports as share of merchandise exports percentage according to UNCTAD State of Commodity Dependence Report 2018-2019 Grain export at the Port of Santos. Brazil's trade was commodity-dependent in 2018–19 having been less so in 2008–9.
Inflation is moderating, but economists expect that trend could reverse quickly if Donald Trump follows through with a proposal to impose 10%-20% tariffs on all imports and a 60% tariff on Chinese ...
China's trade has been gradually declining for the past two years, though August's drops in export and imports were less severe than in July, when exports fell 14.5% from a year earlier while ...
[7] [8] Since China's transition to a socialist market economy through controlled privatisation and deregulation, [9] [10] the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978, to second in 2010; China's economic growth accelerated during this period and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 18% in 2021.