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  2. Longest common substring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_common_substring

    The longest common substrings of a set of strings can be found by building a generalized suffix tree for the strings, and then finding the deepest internal nodes which have leaf nodes from all the strings in the subtree below it. The figure on the right is the suffix tree for the strings "ABAB", "BABA" and "ABBA", padded with unique string ...

  3. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  4. Bigram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram

    A bigram or digram is a sequence of two adjacent elements from a string of tokens, which are typically letters, syllables, or words.A bigram is an n-gram for n=2.. The frequency distribution of every bigram in a string is commonly used for simple statistical analysis of text in many applications, including in computational linguistics, cryptography, and speech recognition.

  5. Alphabet (formal languages) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_(formal_languages)

    For example, the alphabet of lowercase letters "a" through "z" can be used to form English words like "iceberg" while the alphabet of both upper and lower case letters can also be used to form proper names like "Wikipedia". A common alphabet is {0,1}, the binary alphabet, and a "00101111" is an example of a binary string.

  6. Gestalt pattern matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_Pattern_Matching

    The similarity of two strings and is determined by this formula: twice the number of matching characters divided by the total number of characters of both strings. The matching characters are defined as some longest common substring [3] plus recursively the number of matching characters in the non-matching regions on both sides of the longest common substring: [2] [4]

  7. Substitution cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher

    In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing ...

  8. Character encoding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding

    Punched tape with the word "Wikipedia" encoded in ASCII.Presence and absence of a hole represents 1 and 0, respectively; for example, W is encoded as 1010111.. Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. [1]

  9. Etaoin shrdlu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu

    The letters in the string are, approximately, the 12 most commonly used letters in the English language; differing sources do give slightly different results but one well-known sequence is ETAOINS RHLDCUM. ordered by their frequency. [4] In the English version of Scrabble, the most common letters are E 12, AI 9, O 8, TNR 6, DLSU 4.