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  2. Equilibrium constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant

    When two or more sites in an asymmetrical molecule may be involved in an equilibrium reaction there are more than one possible equilibrium constants. For example, the molecule L-DOPA has two non-equivalent hydroxyl groups which may be deprotonated. Denoting L-DOPA as LH 2, the following diagram shows all the species that may be formed (X = CH 2 ...

  3. Determination of equilibrium constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of...

    The value of the equilibrium constant for the formation of a 1:1 complex, such as a host-guest species, may be calculated with a dedicated spreadsheet application, Bindfit: [4] In this case step 2 can be performed with a non-iterative procedure and the pre-programmed routine Solver can be used for step 3.

  4. Equilibrium chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry

    Even at pH 7–7.2, the range of biological pH values, the aqueous phase may support an equilibrium between more than one protonated form. log p is determined from the analytical concentration of the substance in the aqueous phase, that is, the sum of the concentration of the different species in equilibrium.

  5. Vapor–liquid equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor–liquid_equilibrium

    Such vapor–liquid equilibrium information is useful in designing columns for distillation, especially fractional distillation, which is a particular specialty of chemical engineers. [1] [2] [3] Distillation is a process used to separate or partially separate components in a mixture by boiling (vaporization) followed by condensation ...

  6. Extent of reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent_of_reaction

    The extent of reaction is a useful quantity in computations with equilibrium reactions. [citation needed] Consider the reaction 2 A ⇌ B + 3 C. where the initial amounts are = , = , = , and the equilibrium amount of A is 0.5 mol. We can calculate the extent of reaction in equilibrium from its definition

  7. Solubility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility

    This equilibrium constant depends on the type of salt (AgCl vs. NaCl, for example), temperature, and the common ion effect. One can calculate the amount of AgCl that will dissolve in 1 liter of pure water as follows: K sp = [Ag +] × [Cl −] / M 2 (definition of solubility product; M = mol/L) K sp = 1.8 × 10 −10 (from a table of solubility ...

  8. Specific ion interaction theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_ion_interaction...

    Firstly, equilibrium constants are determined at a number of different ionic strengths, at a chosen temperature and particular background electrolyte. The interaction coefficients are then determined by fitting to the observed equilibrium constant values. The procedure also provides the value of K at infinite dilution. It is not limited to ...

  9. Mass–action ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass–action_ratio

    The ratio of the mass–action ratio to the equilibrium constant is often called the disequilibrium ratio, denoted by the symbol . = and is a useful measure for indicating how from equilibrium a given reaction is. At equilibrium =. The ratio is always greater than zero, When the reaction is out of equilibrium, .