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2. Spectrum analyzer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer

   A spectrum analyzer is also used to determine, by direct observation, the bandwidth of a digital or analog signal. A spectrum analyzer interface is a device that connects to a wireless receiver or a personal computer to allow visual detection and analysis of electromagnetic signals over a defined band of frequencies.

3. Noise spectral density - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_spectral_density

   It is commonly used in link budgets as the denominator of the important figure-of-merit ratios, such as carrier-to-noise-density ratio as well as E b /N 0 and E s /N 0. If the noise is one-sided white noise , i.e., constant with frequency, then the total noise power N integrated over a bandwidth B is N = BN 0 (for double-sided white noise, the ...

4. Spectral density - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density

   Electronic instruments called spectrum analyzers are used to observe and measure the power spectra of signals. The spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of an input signal. If the signal being analyzed can be considered a stationary process, the STFT is a good smoothed estimate of its power spectral ...

5. Phase noise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_noise

   Spectrum analyzer based measurement can show the phase-noise power over many decades of frequency; e.g., 1 Hz to 10 MHz. The slope with offset frequency in various offset frequency regions can provide clues as to the source of the noise; e.g., low frequency flicker noise decreasing at 30 dB per decade (= 9 dB per octave). [3] Phase noise ...

6. Spectral density estimation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density_estimation

   For perfect reconstruction, the spectrum analyzer must preserve both the amplitude and phase of each frequency component. These two pieces of information can be represented as a 2-dimensional vector, as a complex number, or as magnitude (amplitude) and phase in polar coordinates (i.e., as a phasor).

7. Eb/N0 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/N0

   N is the total noise power in the bandwidth. This equation can be used to establish a bound on E b / N 0 {\displaystyle E_{b}/N_{0}} for any system that achieves reliable communication, by considering a gross bit rate R equal to the net bit rate I and therefore an average energy per bit of E b = S / R {\displaystyle E_{b}=S/R} , with noise ...

8. Constellation diagram - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_diagram

   A constellation diagram for rectangular 16-QAM The constellation as received, with noise added Spectrum analyzer software using different views to show a QAM 4096 constellation diagram The number of constellation points in a diagram gives the size of the "alphabet" of symbols that can be transmitted by each sample, and so determines the number ...

9. Signal analyzer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_analyzer

   A signal analyzer is an instrument that measures the magnitude and phase of the input signal at a single frequency within the IF bandwidth of the instrument. It employs digital techniques to extract useful information that is carried by an electrical signal. [1] In common usage the term is related to both spectrum analyzers and vector signal ...