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De Morgan's laws represented with Venn diagrams.In each case, the resultant set is the set of all points in any shade of blue. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [1] [2] [3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference.
An XNOR gate can be implemented using a NAND gate and an OR-AND-Invert gate, as shown in the following picture. [3] This is based on the identity ¯ (¯) ¯ An alternative, which is useful when inverted inputs are also available (for example from a flip-flop), uses a 2-2 AND-OR-Invert gate, shown on below on the right.
An XOR gate is made by considering the conjunctive normal form (+) (¯ + ¯), noting from de Morgan's Law that a NOR gate is an inverted-input OR gate. This construction entails a propagation delay three times that of a single NOR gate and uses five gates.
A truth table is a structured representation that presents all possible combinations of truth values for the input variables of a Boolean function and their corresponding output values. A function f from A to F is a special relation , a subset of A×F, which simply means that f can be listed as a list of input-output pairs.
2.1 Truth values. 2.2 Example. ... 4 Relation to functions. 5 References. Toggle the table of contents. Exportation (logic) 2 languages ... De Morgan's law, and the ...
To investigate the left distributivity of set subtraction over unions or intersections, consider how the sets involved in (both of) De Morgan's laws are all related: () = = () always holds (the equalities on the left and right are De Morgan's laws) but equality is not guaranteed in general (that is, the containment might be strict).
Vector logic [1] [2] is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra.Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the monadic and dyadic operations are executed by matrix operators.
If the truth table for a NAND gate is examined or by applying De Morgan's laws, it can be seen that if any of the inputs are 0, then the output will be 1.To be an OR gate, however, the output must be 1 if any input is 1.