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HIV-SGD is more prevalent in HIV positive children than HIV positive adults, [4] at about 19% and 1% respectively. [1] Unlike other oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS such as Kaposi sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis, which decreased following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-SGD has increased.
Linear gingival erythema (LGE) is a periodontal disorder diagnosed based on distinct clinical characteristics. It was originally thought that LGE was directly associated with HIV, and it was thus called HIV-associated gingivitis (HIV-G).
Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
Linear gingival erythema presents as a localized or generalized, linear band of erythematous (red) gingivitis. It was first observed in HIV infected individuals and termed "HIV-gingivitis", but the condition is not confined to this group. [7] This condition can develop into necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. [5]
Neurological problems may be related to the patient having multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, or having had a stroke. [10] Dysphagia may present as a barrier to care in the dental setting as the patient may require high volume suction in order to maintain patient comfort and reduce the risk of aspiration of dental material/ fluids.
TB can also affect the heart, thyroid and adrenal glands but the main site of infection is the lungs. Risk factors are chronic alcohol consumption, diabetes, long term steroid use, HIV infection and kidney failure. [3] Those infected tend to have enlarged, nontender, but moderately painful glands.
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) is a rare multi-system complication of HIV believed to occur secondary to an abnormal persistence of the initial CD8+ T cell expansion that regularly occurs in an HIV infection. [1]
The time between Bergalis' dental procedure and the development of AIDS (24 months) [9] was short; 1% of infected homosexual/bisexual men [10] and 5% of infected transfusion recipients [11] develop AIDS within two years of infection.
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