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The deflected or "turned" flow of air creates a resultant force on the wing in the opposite direction (Newton's 3rd law). The resultant force is identified as lift. Flying close to a surface increases air pressure on the lower wing surface, nicknamed the "ram" or "cushion" effect, and thereby improves the aircraft lift-to-drag ratio.
Aircraft flight mechanics are relevant to fixed wing (gliders, aeroplanes) and rotary wing (helicopters) aircraft. An aeroplane ( airplane in US usage), is defined in ICAO Document 9110 as, "a power-driven heavier than air aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight".
When in flight, the main or major forces acting on the projectile are gravity, drag, and if present, wind; if in powered flight, thrust; and if guided, the forces imparted by the control surfaces. In small arms external ballistics applications, gravity imparts a downward acceleration on the projectile, causing it to drop from the line-of-sight.
angle of attack α: angle between the x w,y w-plane and the aircraft longitudinal axis and, among other things, is an important variable in determining the magnitude of the force of lift When performing the rotations described earlier to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles:
Lift and drag are the two components of the total aerodynamic force acting on an aerofoil or aircraft.. In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) is the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as an aerofoil or aircraft, divided by the aerodynamic drag caused by moving through air.
Anton Flettner's rotor aircraft. Some aircraft have been built to use the Magnus effect to create lift with a rotating cylinder instead of a wing, allowing flight at lower horizontal speeds. [2] The earliest attempt to use the Magnus effect for a heavier-than-air aircraft was in 1910 by a US member of Congress, Butler Ames of Massachusetts. The ...
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There are two causes of aerodynamic force: [1]: §4.10 [2] [3]: 29 the normal force due to the pressure on the surface of the body; the shear force due to the viscosity of the gas, also known as skin friction. Pressure acts normal to the surface, and shear force acts parallel to the surface. Both forces act locally.