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The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus throughout pregnancy. The umbilical cord in a full term neonate is usually about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta.
Occasionally, during pregnancy, there is a single umbilical artery (SUA) present in the umbilical cord, as opposed to the usual two. [1] This is sometimes also called a two-vessel umbilical cord, or two-vessel cord. Approximately, this affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 500 pregnancies, making it the most common umbilical abnormality.
The vessels are hence normally protected by Wharton's jelly, which prevents rupture during pregnancy and labor. [10] In velamentous cord insertion, the vessels of the umbilical cord are improperly inserted in the chorioamniotic membrane, and hence the vessels traverse between the amnion and the chorion towards the placenta.
High-risk pregnancies significantly benefit from frequent follow-ups using ultrasonography to monitor fetal developmental and placental and umbilical cord structure and function. [8] Research directions continue to investigate methods in which circumvallate placenta may be more commonly diagnosed during pregnancy before complications can transpire.
Vasa previa is seen more commonly with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, accessory placental lobes (succenturiate or bilobate placenta ), multiple gestation, and in vitro fertilisation pregnancy. In IVF pregnancies, incidence as high as one in 300 has been reported [citation needed].
The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels. A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and ...
In a subgroup of premature babies born before 32 weeks of pregnancy, 44.9% (449/1001) with immediate cord clamping experienced hypothermia after birth, compared to 51.2% (509/994) of those with ...
During vaginal birth, the newborn's chest is compressed by the birth canal. Upon delivery, negative pressure allows air into the lungs. The first cries of the infant allow for alveoli expansion and absorption of fetal lung fluid. Temperature changes and other sensory stimulation contributes to respiratory function as well.