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Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. [117] When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. [118] There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection. [119]
The transmission rate of hepatitis C has been reported at 1.8%, [10] but newer, larger surveys have shown only a 0.5% transmission rate. [11] The overall risk of HIV infection after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected material in the health care setting is 0.3%. [2]
The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa. [21]
The 2021 CDC HIV Surveillance Report estimates that 36,136 new cases of HIV infections were diagnosed in the United States in 2021, a rate of 11.3 per 100,000 population. [103] This rate is an increase from the previous year's estimates, which indicated 30,585 new infections and a rate of 9.5 per 100,000 population. [ 103 ]
Furthermore, the PARTNER study, [43] which ran from 2010 to 2014, enrolled 1166 serodiscordant couples (where one partner is HIV positive and the other is negative) in a study that found that the estimated rate of transmission through any condomless sex with the HIV-positive partner taking ART with an HIV load less than 200 copies/ml was zero.
Consistent condom use reduces the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission by about 80% over the long-term. [21] Where one partner of a couple has HIV infection, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person below 1% per year. [22]
For example, if a contact network can be approximated with an Erdős–Rényi graph with a Poissonian degree distribution, and the disease spreading parameters are as defined in the example above, such that is the transmission rate per person and the disease has a mean infectious period of , then the basic reproduction number is = [21] [22 ...
Following infection with HIV-1, the rate of clinical disease progression varies between individuals.Factors such as host susceptibility, genetics and immune function, [1] health care and co-infections [2] as well as viral genetic variability [3] may affect the rate of progression to the point of needing to take medication in order not to develop AIDS.