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  2. Efflorescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflorescence

    Efflorescence can often be removed from concrete using phosphoric acid. After application the acid dilution is neutralised with mild diluted detergent, and then well rinsed with water. However, if the source of the water penetration is not addressed efflorescence may reappear.

  3. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

    A fairly well-defined reaction front can often be observed in thin sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal, or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and the microstructure of concrete are modified. These changes may vary in type or severity but commonly include: Extensive cracking; Expansion

  4. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

    Concrete carbonation can be visually revealed by applying a phenolphthalein solution over the fresh surface of a concrete samples (concrete core, prism, freshly fractured bar). Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator , whose color turns from colorless at pH < 8.5 to pink-fuchsia at pH > 9.5.

  5. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_granulated_blast...

    GGBS cement also produces a smoother, more defect-free surface, due to the fineness of the GGBS particles. Dirt does not adhere to GGBS concrete as easily as concrete made with Portland cement, reducing maintenance costs. GGBS cement prevents the occurrence of efflorescence, the staining of concrete surfaces by calcium carbonate deposits.

  6. Stone sealer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_sealer

    Efflorescence is usually the result of mineral solutions in the capillary channels being drawn to the surface. If the water evaporates, the minerals remain as the so-called efflorescence. It also can be the result of chemical reaction; if badly prepared cement-based mortar is applied to maintain the stone in position, free calcium hydroxide may ...

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  8. Realtor group picks top 10 housing hot spots for 2025: Did ...

    www.aol.com/realtor-group-picks-top-10-171047166...

    The end of the year means preparing for the one ahead and the National Association of Realtors is already predicting the hottest housing markets for 2025.. The NAR released The Top 10 Housing Hot ...

  9. Mortgage and refinance rates for Dec. 9, 2024: Average rates ...

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    See today's average mortgage rates for a 30-year fixed mortgage, 15-year fixed, jumbo loans, refinance rates and more — including up-to-date rate news.