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As of 2020, estimated costs of production are $1–1.80/kg for grey hydrogen and blue hydrogen, [177] and $2.50–6.80 for green hydrogen. [177] 94 million tonnes of grey hydrogen are produced globally using fossil fuels as of 2022, primarily natural gas, and are therefore a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. [178] [179] [180] [181]
The range of cost estimates for commercially available hydrogen production methods is broad, As of 2022, gray hydrogen is cheapest to produce without a tax on its CO 2 emissions, followed by blue and green hydrogen. Blue hydrogen production costs are not anticipated to fall substantially by 2050, [95] [92]: 28 can be expected to fluctuate with ...
Its threshold GHG emissions intensity of 20gCO2 equivalent per megajoule [119] should be easily met by renewably-powered electrolysis of water for green hydrogen production, but has been set at a level to allow for and encourage other 'low carbon' hydrogen production, principally blue hydrogen. [120] Blue hydrogen is grey hydrogen with added ...
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A closely related artificially produced form of hydrogen is green hydrogen which is produced from renewable energy sources such as wind or solar energy. Non-renewable forms of hydrogen include grey, brown, blue or black hydrogen which are obtained from the processing of fossil fuels. [5]
Illustrating inputs and outputs of steam reforming of natural gas, a process to produce hydrogen and CO 2 greenhouse gas that may be captured with CCS. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock.
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An Asx turn with an aspartate at residue i. One of the sidechain oxygens of the aspartate forms a hydrogen bond (dotted line) with the mainchain NH group of residue i+2. Colors: red, oxygen; grey, carbon; blue, nitrogen. Hydrogen atoms are omitted. Four types of Asx turn can be distinguished: [8] types I, I’, II and II’.