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2 Ge. Germanium cluster anions (Zintl ions) such as Ge 4 2−, Ge 9 4−, Ge 9 2−, [(Ge 9) 2] 6− have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand. [1] [3] The oxidation states of the element in these ions are not integers—similar to ...
Germanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon . It is a metalloid (more rarely considered a metal ) in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin .
For less electropositive elements the bond can be considered covalent rather than ionic as "germanide" indicates. Germanide is the base for germane when it loses a proton. GeH 4 → GeH − 3 + H + The first germyl compound to be discovered was sodium germyl. Germane was reacted with sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia to produce sodium germyl.
X-ray crystallographic analysis of the orange-red crystals showed that the germanium atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by the hydrogen atom, the β-diketiminato ligand, and the germanium lone pair. The Ge-N bond length is reported to be 1.989 Å and the Ge-H bond displays an absorption at 1733 cm −1, corresponding to a stretching mode.
Germanium (32 Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70 Ge, 72 Ge, 73 Ge, 74 Ge, and 76 Ge. Of these, 76 Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 10 21 years [4] (130 billion times the age of the universe). Stable 74 Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%.
The melting point of Sm 2 O 3 is high (2345 °C), so it is usually melted not by direct heating, but with induction heating, through a radio-frequency coil. Sm 2 O 3 crystals of monoclinic symmetry can be grown by the flame fusion method ( Verneuil process ) from Sm 2 O 3 powder, that yields cylindrical boules up to several centimeters long and ...
A heating element is a device used for conversion of electric energy into heat, consisting of a heating resistor and accessories. [1] Heat is generated by the passage of electric current through a resistor through a process known as Joule heating .
A positive-temperature-coefficient heating element (PTC heating element), or self-regulating heater, is an electrical resistance heater whose resistance increases significantly with temperature. The name self-regulating heater comes from the tendency of such heating elements to maintain a constant temperature when supplied by a given voltage.
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