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This level, called moderate sedation/analgesia or conscious sedation, causes a drug induced depression of consciousness during which the patient responds purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied with light physical stimulation. Breathing tubes are not required for this type of anesthesia. This is twilight anesthesia. [2]
Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is given, usually along with an analgesic medication, in order to perform non-surgical procedures on a patient. The overall goal is to induce a decreased level of consciousness while maintaining the patient's ability to breathe on their own.
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) refers to the intravenous administration of anesthetic agents to induce a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. The first study of TIVA was done in 1872 using chloral hydrate , [ 1 ] and the common anesthetic agent propofol was licensed in 1986.
Sedoanalgesia is the practice of combining sedation with local anesthesia, usually in the case of surgery.In medical studies, administering sedoanalgesia has been shown to be cost- and time-effective when compared to general or regional anesthesia, and it can reduce the amount of nursing staff, anesthetists, and equipment required for a given procedure.
Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the central nervous system. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement , unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. In the early days of ...
Phase I [11] and Ib [12] dose-finding studies for procedural sedation with patients recovering faster from remimazolam than midazolam. Phase II trials comparing remimazolam to the standard anesthesia protocols for cardiac surgery and colonoscopy were presented at major conferences in October 2014. [13]
The primary objectives of general anesthesia include inducing unconsciousness, providing analgesia, facilitating muscle relaxation, and the temporary suppression of motor reflexes. [6] Achieving muscle paralysis is often necessary for certain surgical procedures.
Ciprofol is used for the intravenous induction of general anesthesia. [1] [2] As of 2023, it is still an investigational drug.Thus far, it has been found to be efficacious as a general anesthetic in patients undergoing gynecological surgery [4] [8] and kidney transplantation, [16] as well as for endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy, [12] [17] esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy.