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They consisted of one observational study on acupuncture side effects, and four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating acupuncture treatment for low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, migraine prophylaxis, and tension-type headache. The trials are considered to be one of the largest clinical studies in the field of acupuncture. [2]
Cochrane reviews have found that acupuncture is effective in the treatment of migraine. [98] The use of "true" acupuncture seems to be slightly more effective than sham acupuncture, however, both "true" and sham acupuncture appear to be at least similarly effective as treatment with preventative medications, with fewer adverse effects. [99]
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For children, ibuprofen or other NSAIDs help decrease pain. [58] [59] Triptans are effective, though there is a risk of side effects such as nausea, coronary vasoconstriction, dizziness, paresthesia, flushing, tingling, neck pain, and chest tightness, known as "triptan sensations". [60]
Trial participants who received acupuncture experienced twice the reduction in pain and nearly three times the reduction in disability. These benefits lasted the entire 52 weeks of the trial.
Some research suggests acupuncture can alleviate pain but the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's effects are mainly due to placebo. [8] Evidence suggests that any benefits of acupuncture are short-lasting. [80] There is insufficient evidence to support use of acupuncture compared to mainstream medical treatments. [81]
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Moxibustion carries a risk of adverse effects including burns and infection. [1] Some side effects that have been reported include nausea, throat irritation, and abdominal pain from contractions when used in pregnancy.