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The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, [1] including the construction of public buildings and roads.
The PWA headquarters in Washington planned projects, which were built by private construction companies hiring workers on the open market. Unlike the WPA, it did not hire the unemployed directly. More than any other New Deal program, the PWA epitomized the progressive notion of "priming the pump" to encourage economic recovery.
The First New Deal (1933–1934) dealt with the pressing banking crisis through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act.The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided US$500 million (equivalent to $11.8 billion in 2023) for relief operations by states and cities, and the short-lived CWA gave locals money to operate make-work projects from 1933 to 1934. [2]
The Second New Deal is a term used by historians [1] to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, the Banking Act, the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, the Public Utility Holding Company Act, the Social Security Act, and the Wealth Tax Act.
It was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). During the Hoover Administration, the federal government gave loans to the states to operate relief programs. One of these, the New York state program TERA (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration), was set up in 1931 and headed by Harry Hopkins , a close adviser to then ...
Economic recovery was pursued through autarky, pressure on economic partners, wage controls, price controls, and spending programs such as public works and, especially, military spending. Spain was a poor rural nation that saw mounting political crises that led in 1936–1939 to the Spanish Civil War .
Since the 1990s, the term "alphabet agencies" has been commonly used to describe the agencies of the U.S. national security state.Many are members of the United States Intelligence Community, [3] [4] and several were founded or expanded in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.
From the boardroom to the war room: America's corporate liberals and FDR's preparedness program (University of Rochester Press, 2005). Koistinen, Paul A.C. Arsenal of World War II: The political economy of American warfare, 1940–1945 (2004) online. Koistinen, Paul AC. "Mobilizing the World War II economy: labor and the industrial-military ...