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  2. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    Therefore, both Java and C# treat array types covariantly. For instance, in Java String [] is a subtype of Object [], and in C# string [] is a subtype of object []. As discussed above, covariant arrays lead to problems with writes into the array. Java [4]: 126 and C# deal with this by marking each array object with a type when it is created ...

  3. Adapter pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_pattern

    In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern (also known as wrapper, an alternative naming shared with the decorator pattern) that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. [1] It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.

  4. Multiple dispatch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_dispatch

    Multiple dispatch or multimethods is a feature of some programming languages in which a function or method can be dynamically dispatched based on the run-time (dynamic) type or, in the more general case, some other attribute of more than one of its arguments. [1]

  5. Double dispatch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_dispatch

    Double dispatch is useful in situations where the choice of computation depends on the runtime types of its arguments. For example, a programmer could use double dispatch in the following situations: Sorting a mixed set of objects: algorithms require that a list of objects be sorted into some canonical order. Deciding if one element comes ...

  6. Multiple inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance

    This strategy has been used by ActionScript, C#, D, Java, Nemerle, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Smalltalk, Swift and PHP. [13] All these languages allow classes to implement multiple protocols. Moreover, Ada, C#, Java, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Swift and PHP allow multiple-inheritance of interfaces (called protocols in Objective-C and Swift ...

  7. Class invariant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_invariant

    An object invariant, or representation invariant, is a computer programming construct consisting of a set of invariant properties that remain uncompromised regardless of the state of the object. This ensures that the object will always meet predefined conditions, and that methods may, therefore, always reference the object without the risk of ...

  8. Bride 'Upset' After Groom's Friend Makes Joke When Wedding ...

    www.aol.com/bride-upset-grooms-friend-makes...

    The groom disagreed with his wife, countering that his friend was "just joking." "But I don’t find anything funny about that," the bride insisted.

  9. Marker interface pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_interface_pattern

    The marker interface pattern is a design pattern in computer science, used with languages that provide run-time type information about objects.It provides a means to associate metadata with a class where the language does not have explicit support for such metadata.