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cksum is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that generates a checksum value for a file or stream of data. The cksum command reads each file given in its arguments, or standard input if no arguments are provided, and outputs the file's 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum and byte count. [1]
An Adler-32 checksum is obtained by calculating two 16-bit checksums A and B and concatenating their bits into a 32-bit integer. A is the sum of all bytes in the stream plus one, and B is the sum of the individual values of A from each step. At the beginning of an Adler-32 run, A is initialized to 1, B to 0. The sums are done modulo 65521 (the ...
The term bit length is technical shorthand for this measure. For example, computer processors are often designed to process data grouped into words of a given length of bits (8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit, etc.). The bit length of each word defines, for one thing, how many memory locations can be independently addressed by the processor.
A group of 8 bits (8 bit) constitutes one byte (1 B). The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information (megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, etc.). The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega etc., are powers of 10. The power of two equivalents are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi, etc. Accordingly: 1 kB = 1000 bytes = 8000 bits; 1 KiB ...
4,704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz) kilobyte (kB, KB) 8,000 bits (1,000 bytes) 2 13: kibibyte (KiB) 8,192 bits (1,024 bytes) – RAM capacity of a ZX81 and a ZX80.
A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −2,147,483,648 (−2 31) through 2,147,483,647 (2 31 − 1) for representation as two's complement.
For each byte of the input stream Perform 16-bit bitwise right rotation by 1 bit on the checksum; Add the byte to the checksum, and apply modulo 2 ^ 16 to the result, thereby keeping it within 16 bits; The result is a 16-bit checksum; The above algorithm appeared in Seventh Edition Unix. The System V sum, -s in GNU sum and -o2 in FreeBSD cksum:
That same day, Linus Torvalds replied with a concern that the use of 32-bit time values in the x32 ABI could cause problems in the future. [11] [12] This is because the use of 32-bit time values would cause the time values to overflow in the year 2038. [11] [12] Following this request, the developers of the x32 ABI changed the time values to 64 ...