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Similar to coronary artery disease in those who have not had a heart transplant, risk factors to CAV include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus. [2] Other risk factors exclusive to CAV include older donors, cytomegalovirus infection and circulating antibodies after heart transplantation. [2]
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular disease. Vascular refers to both the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral veinous disease. PAD means the arteries are narrowed or blocked—the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood as it moves away from the heart to other parts of the body.
In the legs, bypass grafting is used to treat peripheral vascular disease, acute limb ischemia, aneurysms and trauma.While there are many anatomical arrangements for vascular bypass grafts in the lower extremities depending on the location of the disease, the principle is the same: to restore blood flow to an area without normal flow.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), or limb ischemia, affects the femoral, popliteal, or iliac arteries. [17] PAD is caused by atherosclerotic plaques that occlude blood flow to extremities. [5] Once blood flow is impeded, ischemic muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to cope with oxygen scarcity.
In treating renal artery disease, a 2014 study indicates that balloon angioplasty can improve diastolic blood pressure and potentially reduce antihypertensive drug requirements. [30] In the case of peripheral artery disease, treatment to prevent complications is important; without treatment, sores or gangrene (tissue death) may occur. [citation ...
Peripheral artery disease is typically diagnosed if the systolic blood pressure in the ankle divided by the systolic blood pressure in the arm is less than 0.9. In general, claudication is often seen in people with an ABI between 0.4 and 0.9, rest pain is seen between 0.2 and 0.4, and tissue loss, ulcers, and gangrene between 0 to 0.4.
Macrovascular disease is a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body. It is a disease of the large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the sizable arteries in the brain and in the limbs. This sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for an extended period of time.
Significant complications of the operation include bleeding, heart problems (heart attack, arrhythmias), stroke, infections (often pneumonia) and injury to the kidneys. Three coronary artery bypass grafts, a pedicled LITA to LAD and two saphenous vein grafts – one to the right coronary artery system and one to the obtuse marginal system.