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Layout view of a simple CMOS operational amplifier. In integrated circuit design, integrated circuit (IC) layout, also known IC mask layout or mask design, is the representation of an integrated circuit in terms of planar geometric shapes which correspond to the patterns of metal, oxide, or semiconductor layers that make up the components of the integrated circuit.
This image is a work of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States Department of Health and Human Services, taken or made as part of an employee's official duties.
Like the first sale doctrine, a lawful owner of an authorized IC containing a mask work may freely import, distribute or use, but not reproduce the chip (or the mask). Mask work protection is characterized as a sui generis right, i.e., one created to protect specific rights where other (more general) laws were inadequate or inappropriate.
The costs of creating new mask shop for 180 nm processes were estimated in 2005 as $40 million, and for 130 nm - more than $100 million. [26] The purchase price of a photomask, in 2006, could range from $250 to $100,000 [27] for a single high-end phase-shift mask. As many as 30 masks (of varying price) may be required to form a complete mask set.
Map of school closures around the world, red represents where schools were entirely closed at some point in the pandemic and orange where they were partially closed Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
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