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Classical drug causes of methemoglobinemia include various antibiotics (trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and dapsone [8]), local anesthetics (especially articaine, benzocaine, prilocaine, [9] and lidocaine [10]), and aniline dyes, metoclopramide, rasburicase, umbellulone, chlorates, bromates, and nitrites. [11] Nitrates are suspected to cause ...
For example, a methemoglobin concentration of 1.5 g/dL may represent a percentage of 10% in an otherwise healthy patient with a baseline hemoglobin of 15 mg/dL, whereas the presence of the same concentration of 1.5 g/dL of methemoglobin in an anemic patient with a baseline hemoglobin of 8 g/dL would represent a percentage of 18.75%.
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid and is named after the earth smoke plant (Fumaria officinalis). [8] Dimethyl fumarate combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAEs) is solely licensed in Germany as an oral therapy for psoriasis (brand name Fumaderm ). [ 9 ]
Hemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis) . Sickle cell disease; Thalassemia; Methemoglobinemia; Anemias (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin)
The disorder can cause heart abnormalities and seizures if the amount of methemoglobin in the blood exceeds 20 percent, but at levels between 10 and 20 percent it can cause blue skin without other symptoms. Most of the Fugates lived long and healthy lives. The "bluest" of the blue Fugates, Luna Stacy, had 13 children and lived to age 84. [6]
Hypoxemia, methemoglobinemia, and hypoxia: Duration: 100-120 days (lifespan of red blood cells) Causes: Sulfur medications such as phenacetin, metoclopramide, dapsone, phenzopyridine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; hydrogen-sulfide-producing intestinal bacteria, such as Morganella morganii: Risk factors: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation ...
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A methemoglobin level > 1.5 g/dL causes cyanosis. The most common congenital cause is a deficiency in the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase which reduces methemoglobin in the blood. [22] However, in infants the most common cause of methemoglobinemia is acquired through the ingestion of nitrates (NO − 3) through well water or foods.