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The remains of the eastern half of the caldera is now Kāneʻohe Bay and the new western side is the Koʻolau Range above the bay, including observation point Nuʻuanu Pali. Though the remaining ridge appears to be a steep and weathered fault scarp , evidence suggests the geographic features are from wind and water rather than the landslide event.
Furthermore, the ability to flow may also be dependent upon the amount of energy transferred to the falling sediment throughout the failure event. Often large landslides on the continental margin are complicated and components of slide, debris flow and turbidity current may all be apparent when examining the remains of a submarine landslide.
The earliest phase of the seaway began in the mid-Cretaceous when an arm of the Arctic Ocean transgressed south over western North America; this formed the Mowry Sea, so named for the Mowry Shale, an organic-rich rock formation. [1] In the south, the Gulf of Mexico was originally an extension of the Tethys Ocean. In time, the southern embayment ...
Similar floods have occurred elsewhere on Earth throughout history; examples include the Bonneville flood in North America, [4] during which Lake Bonneville overflowed through Red Rock Pass into the Snake River Basin, and the Black Sea deluge hypothesis that postulates a flood from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea through the Bosporus. [65]
Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide. The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters (i.e., 1 cubic kilometer). As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility, debris flows can be very destructive.
This condition occurs in many environments aside from simply the deep ocean, where turbidites are particularly well represented. Lahars on the side of volcanoes, mudslides and pyroclastic flows all create density-based flow situations and, especially in the latter, can create sequences which are strikingly similar to turbidites.
The levels of the lakes dropped through evaporation, while changes in worldwide hydrology caused global sea levels to rise. [8] [9] The rising Mediterranean finally spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus. The event flooded 100,000 km 2 (39,000 sq mi) of land and significantly expanded the Black Sea shoreline to the north and west.
Rheic Ocean, the Paleozoic ocean between Gondwana and Laurussia; Slide Mountain Ocean, the Mesozoic ocean between the ancient Intermontane Islands (that is, Wrangellia) and North America; South Anuyi Ocean, Mesozoic ocean related to the formation of the Arctic Ocean; Tethys Ocean, the ocean between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia