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Without a salt, a successful SQL injection attack may yield easily crackable passwords. Because many users re-use passwords for multiple sites, the use of a salt is an important component of overall web application security. [14] Some additional references for using a salt to secure password hashes in specific languages or libraries (PHP, the ...
Alice and Bob could try to bypass this by encrypting the connection. However, Alice doesn't know whether the encryption was set up by Bob, and not by Mallory by doing a man-in-the-middle attack. Therefore, Alice sends a hashed version of her password instead, like in CRAM-MD5 or DIGEST-MD5. As it is a hash, Mallory doesn't get the password itself.
For instance, MD5-Crypt uses a 1000 iteration loop that repeatedly feeds the salt, password, and current intermediate hash value back into the underlying MD5 hash function. [4] The user's password hash is the concatenation of the salt value (which is not secret) and the final hash.
DK = PBKDF2(PRF, Password, Salt, c, dkLen) where: PRF is a pseudorandom function of two parameters with output length hLen (e.g., a keyed HMAC) Password is the master password from which a derived key is generated; Salt is a sequence of bits, known as a cryptographic salt; c is the number of iterations desired; dkLen is the desired bit-length ...
The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, [3] and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption.
The input to the bcrypt function is the password string (up to 72 bytes), a numeric cost, and a 16-byte (128-bit) salt value. The salt is typically a random value.
For instance, the Cisco IOS originally used a reversible Vigenère cipher to encrypt passwords, but now uses md5-crypt with a 24-bit salt when the "enable secret" command is used. [33] These newer methods use large salt values which prevent attackers from efficiently mounting offline attacks against multiple user accounts simultaneously.
The simplest example of a challenge-response protocol is password authentication, where the challenge is asking for the password and the valid response is the correct password. An adversary who can eavesdrop on a password authentication can authenticate themselves by reusing the intercepted password. One solution is to issue multiple passwords ...