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In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body. [1] The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance , as from an atmosphere , and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise misshapen body.
Perturbation or perturb may refer to: Perturbation theory, mathematical methods that give approximate solutions to problems that cannot be solved exactly; Perturbation (geology), changes in the nature of alluvial deposits over time; Perturbation (astronomy), alterations to an object's orbit (e.g., caused by gravitational interactions with other ...
Perturbation theory is an important tool for describing real quantum systems, as it turns out to be very difficult to find exact solutions to the Schrödinger equation for Hamiltonians of even moderate complexity.
Perturbation theory develops an expression for the desired solution in terms of a formal power series known as a perturbation series in some "small" parameter, that quantifies the deviation from the exactly solvable problem. The leading term in this power series is the solution of the exactly solvable problem, while further terms describe the ...
The gauge-invariant perturbation theory is based on developments by Bardeen (1980), [7] Kodama and Sasaki (1984) [8] building on the work of Lifshitz (1946). [9] This is the standard approach to perturbation theory of general relativity for cosmology. [10]
They did this by maxing out the wavelength of perturbation, meaning its width, and minimizing its magnitude, meaning how deep the perturbation was able to dig. Instead of a long, narrow finger ...
In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system to a group of energy eigenstates in a continuum, as a result of a weak perturbation.
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