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  2. Recrystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)

    The solvent utilized in single-solvent recrystallization must dissolve the crude reaction mixture only when it is heated to reflux. [3] The heated solution is then passively cooled, yielding a crystallized product absent of impurities. [3] The solid crystals are then collected utilizing a filtration apparatus and the filtrate is discarded. [4]

  3. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Electrolysis refers to the breakdown of substances using an electric current. This removes impurities in a substance that an electric current is run through; Sublimation is the process of changing of any substance (usually on heating) from a solid to a gas (or from gas to a solid) without passing through liquid phase. In terms of purification ...

  4. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.

  5. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a stage-wise separation technique that relies on the liquidsolid phase change. This technique fractionates via differences in crystallization temperature and enables the purification of multi-component mixtures, as long as none of the constituents can act as solvents to the others. Due to the high ...

  6. Flux method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_method

    The flux method is a crystal growth method where starting materials are dissolved in a solvent (flux), and are precipitated out to form crystals of a desired compound. The flux lowers the melting point of the desired compound, analogous to a wet chemistry recrystallization. [1]

  7. Solvent effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effects

    Protic solvents react with strong nucleophiles with good basic character in an acid/base fashion, thus decreasing or removing the nucleophilic nature of the nucleophile. The following table shows the effect of solvent polarity on the relative reaction rates of the S N 2 reaction of 1-bromobutane with azide (N 3 – ).

  8. Supersaturation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturation

    Recrystallization [5] [6] is a process used to purify chemical compounds. A mixture of the impure compound and solvent is heated until the compound has dissolved. If there is some solid impurity remaining it is removed by filtration. When the temperature of the solution is subsequently lowered it briefly becomes supersaturated and then the ...

  9. Urea extraction crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_extraction...

    The urea-paraffin-adduct can be filtered off and thereby separated from the iso-paraffins and other non-paraffinic components. By washing with a solvent a solid adduct residue is obtained. The washing of the clathrates with hot water at about 75 °C breaks up the clathrates and releases the paraffins.

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