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The septal nuclei are located in this area. The septal nuclei are composed of medium-size neurons which are classified into dorsal, ventral, medial , and caudal groups. [ 1 ] The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb , hippocampus , amygdala , hypothalamus , midbrain , habenula , cingulate gyrus , and thalamus .
The medial septal nucleus (MS) is one of the septal nuclei. Neurons in this nucleus give rise to the bulk of efferents from the septal nuclei. A major projection from the medial septal nucleus terminates in the hippocampal formation. [1] It plays a role in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [2]
Fornix and septal nuclei; Subcortical areas: Septal nuclei; Amygdala; Nucleus accumbens; Diencephalic structures: Hypothalamus; Mammillary bodies; Anterior nuclei of thalamus; Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the: Stria medullaris; Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden
Septum Verum (true septum) is a region in the lower medial part of the telencephalon that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.. The human septum consists of two parts: the septum pellucidum (translucent septum), a thin membrane consisting of white matter and glial cells that separate the lateral ventricles, and the lower, precommisural septum verum, which consists of nuclei and grey matter.
The septum pellucidum is located in the septal area in the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres. The septal area is also the location of the septal nuclei. It is attached to the lower part of the corpus callosum, the large collection of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a collection of nuclei at the base of the lateral ventricles, and in front of the septum. The BNST, hypothalamic nuclei, and septal nuclei are all in close proximity with each other and share many projections. [1] It correlates with anxiety in response to threat monitoring. [2]
In 1954, Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens, as well as their septal nuclei, repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region. [12] The limbic system also interacts with the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements.
The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axonal projections to the basal ganglia and the ventral analog of the globus pallidus, known as the ventral pallidum (VP). ). The VP, in turn, projects to the medial dorsal nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which projects to the prefrontal cortex as well as back to the ventral and to dorsal stri