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In Python, functions are first-class objects that can be created and passed around dynamically. Python's limited support for anonymous functions is the lambda construct. An example is the anonymous function which squares its input, called with the argument of 5:
# This function has no guard clause def f_noguard (x): if isinstance (x, int): #code #code #code return x + 1 else: return None # Equivalent function with a guard clause. Note that most of the code is less indented, which makes it easier to read and reason about def f_guard (x): if not isinstance (x, int): return None #code #code #code return x + 1
Immediately invoked function expressions may be written in a number of different ways. [3] A common convention is to enclose the function expression – and optionally its invocation operator – with the grouping operator, [4] in parentheses, to tell the parser explicitly to expect an expression.
first checks whether x is less than 5, which it is, so then the {loop body} is entered, where the printf function is run and x is incremented by 1. After completing all the statements in the loop body, the condition, (x < 5), is checked again, and the loop is executed again, this process repeating until the variable x has the value 5.
Python does not contain the classical for loop, rather a foreach loop is used to iterate over the output of the built-in range() function which returns an iterable sequence of integers. for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): # gives i values from 1 to 5 inclusive (but not 6) # statements print ( i ) # if we want 6 we must do the following for i in range ( 1 ...
It is a common pattern in software testing to send values through test functions and check for correct output. In many cases, in order to thoroughly test functionalities, one needs to test multiple sets of input/output, and writing such cases separately would cause duplicate code as most of the actions would remain the same, only differing in input/output values.
In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed.
In computer science, function composition is an act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones. Like the usual composition of functions in mathematics, the result of each function is passed as the argument of the next, and the result of the last one is the result of the whole.