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Vasa previa is seen more commonly with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, accessory placental lobes (succenturiate or bilobate placenta ), multiple gestation, and in vitro fertilisation pregnancy. In IVF pregnancies, incidence as high as one in 300 has been reported [citation needed].
In velamentous cord insertion, the vessels of the umbilical cord are improperly inserted in the chorioamniotic membrane, and hence the vessels traverse between the amnion and the chorion towards the placenta. [1] [11] Without Wharton's jelly protecting the vessels, the exposed vessels are susceptible to compression and rupture. [1] [9]
The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, [1] birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development , the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical ...
The amnion is the innermost layer and, therefore, contacts the amniotic fluid, the fetus and the umbilical cord. [5] The internal pressure of the amniotic fluid causes the amnion to be passively attached to the chorion. [4] The chorion functions to separate the amnion from the maternal decidua and uterus. [4]
The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels. A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and ...
Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached. [1] Other risk factors include uterine atony, placenta previa, and connective tissue disorders. [1] Diagnosis is by seeing the inside of the uterus either in or coming out of the vagina. [2] [6]
The amniotic membrane and its contents form the umbilical cord that connects the embryo and the placenta. [3] [4] The root of the connecting stalk contains the allantois as a diverticulum of hindgut endoderm along with umbilical vessels. [5] [2] Anomalies are usually referred to as body stalk anomalies and occur in approximately 1 in 15,000 ...