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An aircraft approach category is a grouping which differentiates aircraft based on the speed at which the aircraft approaches a runway for landing. They are used to determine airspace, obstacle clearance and visibility requirements for instrument approaches . [ 1 ] :
Fast aircraft, for example military jets, may enter the pattern with a run-and-break (in the US, overhead maneuver or overhead break). The aircraft flies at speed along the final leg, and makes a sharp, high-G turn above midfield to lose speed and arrive on the downwind leg at pattern altitude and in landing configuration.
The minimum control speed during approach and landing (V MCL) is similar to V MCA, but the aircraft configuration is the landing configuration. V MCL is defined for both part 23 <FAR 23.149 (c)> and part 25 aircraft in civil aviation regulations.
ADF uses non-directional beacons (NDBs) on the ground to drive a display which shows the direction of the beacon from the aircraft. The pilot may use this bearing to draw a line on the map to show the bearing from the beacon. By using a second beacon, two lines may be drawn to locate the aircraft at the intersection of the lines.
The approach chart must indicate that a procedure turn is authorized for the approach, via a "procedure turn barb" symbol or a similar notation. Note that when a procedure turn exists for an approach, the maximum speed of the aircraft in the procedure turn is limited by regulations (typically, it should not exceed 200 knots IAS).
Heading angle σ: angle between north and the horizontal component of the velocity vector, which describes which direction the aircraft is moving relative to cardinal directions. Flight path angle γ: is the angle between horizontal and the velocity vector, which describes whether the aircraft is climbing or descending.
In modern aircraft, the aircraft will often stay in VNAV mode for almost the entire flight. The aircraft will typically climb in VNAV Speed and descend in VNAV Path. In some Boeing aircraft, there is a single VNAV selector button, and the autopilot will switch between VNAV Speed and VNAV Path automatically. [4] This is known as common VNAV. [5]
VHF direction-finding VDL VHF Data Link: VDP visual descent point Point in a direct approach where a 3º normal visual descent can be started to achieve a safe landing and stabilized approach to the RWY - VDP (in distance) = HAT (height over terrain) / 300 (HAT is the height of the MDA read in the approach chart of the AD) VDR VHF digital radio