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The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an οἰκονομικός (oikonomikos), or "household or homestead manager".
A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national income (GNI), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost).
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
Supply chain as connected supply and demand curves. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or other traded item in a perfectly competitive market, will vary until it settles at the market-clearing price, where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied ...
Karl Marx; Das Kapital, 1867; Das Kapital on Wikisource; Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital.; Description: A political-economic treatise by Karl Marx.Marx wrote this critical analysis of capitalism and of the political economy from the perspective of historical materialism, the view that history can be understood as a sequence of modes of production in which exploiting ...
For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods: By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together
[5]: 39 Besides, the time horizon varies for different types of macroeconomic topics, and this distinction is crucial for many research and policy debates. [5]: 54 A further important dimension is that of an economy's openness, economic theory distinguishing sharply between closed economies and open economies. [5]: 373
The family was also important because birth, family ties, and local custom determined economic status in communities. [2] They describe the family as a "productive unit" and state that physical strength was an essential element in survival. [2] The family economic unit has always been dependent on specialized labor done by family