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Bisacodyl is an organic compound that is used as a stimulant laxative drug. It works directly on the colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of episodic and chronic constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction , as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for ...
Thus, there remains lingering doubt about the mechanisms of ethanol listed here, even for the GABA A receptor, the most-studied mechanism. [24] In the past, alcohol was believed to be a non-specific pharmacological agent affecting many neurotransmitter systems in the brain, [25] but progress has been made over the last few decades.
Kindling refers to the phenomenon of increasingly severe withdrawal symptoms, including an increased risk of seizures, that occurs as a result of repeated withdrawal from alcohol or other sedative–hypnotics with related modes of action. Ethanol (alcohol) has a very similar mechanism of tolerance and withdrawal to benzodiazepines, involving ...
In mammals, tolerance can form within minutes or over longer periods of time. [91] Ghezzi et al. (2014) speculated that tolerance occurs due to a homeostatic mechanism that resists environmental changes. However, homeostatis does not explain how tolerance influences alcohol addiction in many cases.
Alcohol was rated to be the 4th most harmful drug to users, the drug most harmful to others, and the most harmful drug overall. [31] Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational substances. Alcohol was ...
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption ...
A few drugs such as alcohol are absorbed by the lining of the stomach, and therefore tend to take effect much more quickly than the vast majority of oral medications which are absorbed in the small intestine. Gastric emptying time can vary from 0 to 3 hours, [2] and therefore plays a major role in onset of action for orally administered drugs ...
Alcohol is also an established carcinogen with chronic use associated with increased risk of cancer. [15] [16] Alcohol use disorder can result in brain damage which causes impairments in executive functioning such as impairments to working memory and visuospatial function. Alcohol abuse is also associated with incidence of personality disorders ...